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WORLD
DOSSIER political and social development. back door, to strengthen his position
through the constitutional reforms
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS is the main cause of the unsuccess-
Although from the very beginning, fulness of the referendum in 2006,
and Berlusconi lost the function of a
the system is accompanied by a lot of prime minister, which function was
criticism due to its inefficiency, the one again taken by Romano Prodi.
real attempts for its change started In the following couple of years, the
in the eighties of the past century. In European debt crisis and the world
1983, under the baton of Aldo Bozzi, economic crisis happened, which
an experienced member of the par- strongly affected the Italian economy.
liament and influential politician in One of the main reasons for the great
the Italian society, the first Commit- consequences on the Italian society is
tee for Constitutional Reforms of the the non-functionality of the political
Bicameral Parliament was formed. system, which does not provide suf-
Although it provided initial serious ficient stability for a political party
political support, Bozzi’s attempt to to be able to introduce courageous
provide majority ended unsuccess- reforms. This new political mantra,
fully and all his efforts failed. Ciriaco in 2011, resulted in a new campaign,
De Mita, who was the Prime Minister this time led by the President of Italy,
of Italy at the end of the eighties, in Giorgio Napolitano. Although the two
1993 formed the second Committee leading parties had initial support for
for constitutional reforms of the Bi- the constitutional changes, still they
cameral parliament, however soon he didn’t manage to provide comprise
resigned from this function, and he about the manner of realization and
was replaced by Leonida Joti, who was the details of this reform, so the ini-
the president of the Parliament at the tiative finished unsuccessfully during
time. In 1997 the third Committee for the voting in the Parliament.
Constitutional Reforms of the Bicam-
eral Parliament was established, this THE NEW CONDITIONS
time led by Massimo D’Alema, who The Five Star Movement is a young
became the prime minister of Italy a
year later. All these attempts in the political party in the Italian politi-
nineties completely failed consider- cal scene, established in 2009, by the
ing that the political distribution of famous Italian actor and comedian,
the powers in Italy does not allow Beppe Grillo, as well as the popular
formation of a stable majority which web-blogger Gianroberto Casaleggio.
will stand behind such a large system On the wings of populism, on the an-
reform. tiestablishment, with firm attitudes
against globalization and quick in-
At the beginning of the new centu- tegration, in a short time the party
ry, the Italian political scene started managed to impose as the leading
to gravitate between two strong po- representative of the new political
litical groups. One is the centre-left wave which affected most of the con-
political group led by Romano Prodi, tinent. Unlike the other manifesta-
while on the other side is the center- tions of the new wave of populism
right option led by the magnate Sil- in Europe, the Five Star Movement
vio Berlusconi. In 2005, at the height could hardly be classified as far-right
of popularity, Berlusconi managed to movement, however it also cannot be
provide a majority in the Parliament included in the category of the radi-
for reforms of the bicameral sys- cal left wing. As they say about them-
tem, thereby implementing changes selves, they are an antiestablishment
which would strengthen the position movement which does not match the
of the prime minister vis-a-vis the past political division into left and
president. His attempt through the
78 October 2016
